NEXIS ion engine test (2005) An ion thruster or ion drive is a form of used for. It creates by accelerating positive with. The term refers strictly to gridded, and is often incorrectly loosely applied to all electric propulsion systems including. [ ] An ion thruster ionizes a neutral gas by extracting some out of, creating a cloud of positive ions.

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These thrusters rely mainly on as ions are accelerated by the along an. Temporarily stored electrons are finally reinjected by a neutralizer in the cloud of ions after it has passed through the electrostatic grid, so the gas becomes neutral again and can freely disperse in space without any further electrical interaction with the thruster. Electromagnetic thrusters on the contrary use the to accelerate all species (free electrons as well as positive and negative ions) in the same direction whatever their, and are specifically referred as, where the electric field is not in the direction of the acceleration.

Ion thrusters in operational use have an input need of 1–7 kW, 20–50 km/s, thrust 25–250 and 65–80% though experimental versions have achieved 100 kW, 5N. The spacecraft, powered by an ion thruster, changed velocity by 4.3 km/s while consuming less than 74 kilograms of. The spacecraft broke the record, with a of 10 km/s. Applications include control of the orientation and position of orbiting (some satellites have dozens of low-power ion thrusters) and use as a main propulsion engine for low-mass robotic space vehicles (such as Deep Space 1 and Dawn). Ion thrust engines are practical only in the vacuum of space and cannot take vehicles through the atmosphere because ion engines do not work in the presence of ions outside the engine. Additionally, the engine's minuscule thrust cannot overcome any significant air resistance.

Spacecraft rely on conventional chemical rockets to initially reach. Aplikasi pembobol wifi untuk pcgs forum. Figure 2: A diagram of how a gridded electrostatic ion engine (multipole magnetic cusp type) works commonly utilize gas.

The gaseous propellant begins with no charge; it is by bombarding it with energetic electrons, as the energy transferred ejects valence electrons from the propellant gas's atoms. These electrons can be provided by a hot and accelerated through the potential difference towards an anode. Alternatively, the electrons can be accelerated by an oscillating induced electric field created by an alternating electromagnet, which results in a self-sustaining discharge without a cathode (radio frequency ion thruster).

The positively charged ions are extracted by a system consisting of 2 or 3 multi-aperture grids. After entering the grid system near the plasma sheath, the ions are accelerated by the potential difference between the first grid and second grid (called the screen grid and the accelerator grid, respectively) to the final ion energy of (typically) 1–2 keV, which generates thrust. Ion thrusters emit a beam of positively charged xenon ions. To keep the spacecraft from accumulating a charge, another is placed near the engine to emit electrons into the ion beam, leaving the propellant electrically neutral. This prevents the beam of ions from being attracted (and returning) to the spacecraft, which would cancel the thrust. Gridded electrostatic ion thruster research (past/present): • (NSTAR), 2.3 kW, used on two successful missions • NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (), 6.9 kW, flight qualification hardware built • Nuclear Electric Xenon Ion System (NEXIS) • High Power Electric Propulsion (), 25 kW, test example built and run briefly on the ground • EADS Radio-Frequency Ion Thruster (RIT) • (DS4G) Hall effect thrusters [ ].

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Schematic of a Hall effect thruster accelerate ions by means of an electric potential between a cylindrical anode and a negatively charged plasma that forms the cathode. The bulk of the propellant (typically xenon) is introduced near the anode, where it ionizes and flows toward the cathode; ions accelerate towards and through it, picking up electrons as they leave to neutralize the beam and leave the thruster at high velocity.

The anode is at one end of a cylindrical tube. In the center is a spike that is wound to produce a radial magnetic field between it and the surrounding tube. The ions are largely unaffected by the magnetic field, since they are too massive. However, the electrons produced near the end of the spike to create the cathode are trapped by the magnetic field and held in place by their attraction to the anode. Some of the electrons spiral down towards the anode, circulating around the spike in a Hall current. When they reach the anode they impact the uncharged propellant and cause it to be ionized, before finally reaching the anode and closing the circuit. Field-emission electric propulsion [ ].