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Seasickness and its triggers, symptoms, and preventive measures were well known in antiquity. This chapter is based on an analysis of descriptions of motion sickness, in particular seasickness, in ancient Greek, Roman, and Chinese literature. A systematic search was made from the Greek period beginning with Homer in 800 BC to the late Roman period and ending with Aetios Amidenos in 600 AD, as well as in the Chinese medical classics dating from around 300 AD. Major aspects are the following: body movements caused by waves were identified in all cultures as the critical stimuli. The ancient Greeks and Romans knew that other illnesses and the mental state could precipitate seasickness and that experienced sailors were highly resistant to it (habituation). The Chinese observed that children were particularly susceptible to motion sickness; they first described the type of motion sickness induced by traveling in carts (cart-sickness) or being transported on a litter or in a sedan chair (litter-sickness). Corel x7 crack keygen xforce download.

The western classics recommended therapeutic measures like fasting or specific diets, pleasant fragrancies, medicinal plants like white hellebore (containing various alkaloids), or a mixture of wine and wormwood. The East knew more unusual measures, such as drinking the urine of young boys, swallowing white sand-syrup, collecting water drops from a bamboo stick, or hiding earth from the kitchen hearth under the hair. The Greek view of the pathophysiology of seasickness was based on the humoral theory of Empedokles and Aristoteles and differed from the Chinese medicine of correspondences, which attributed malfunctions to certain body substances and the life force Qi. Many sources emphasized the impact of seasickness on military actions and famous naval battles such as the Battle of the Red Cliff, which marked the end of the Han dynasty in China, or the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English in 1588. A peculiar form of motion sickness is associated with Napoleon’s camel corps during the Egyptian campaign of 1798/1799, a sickness induced by riding on a camel. Thus, motion sickness in antiquity was known as a physiological response to unadapted body motions during passive transportation as well as a plague at sea. Introduction Travel by sea was an important development in the history of mankind, for with it trade began on an even wider scale than was possible on land.

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Professional sailors were in demand; however, as the classical authors East and West inform us, not everyone was suited. Ruler and ruled alike could suffer from the so-called “plague at sea,” i.e., seasickness. The clinically most relevant facts about seasickness were already described in the Greek and Roman classics: triggers and susceptibility, symptoms, preventive measures, and therapy (). The Chinese medical classics distinguished several forms of travel sickness, and each form had its own written character (). Medical knowledge of the times was initially limited and typically dominated by fears and superstitions. In the West, the Greek Empedokles was the first to propose a theory to explain human nature and illnesses: the four humors or body fluids (yellow bile, phlegm, black bile, and blood) had to be in equilibrium for a harmonious personality and health. Any imbalance led to deviation from normal and to illness.

The theory continued to be influential into medieval times. In particular, it was the primary source for Greek, Roman, and medieval explanations of seasickness. In the East, belief in magic and charms lasted longer, perhaps because of the dominating quasi scientific theory of the medicine of correspondences. This theory connected climatic phenomena, cardinal directions, and calendric constellations with the actions of specific forces in the world and with the supply of the life force (Qi) and blood (xue) in the human body.

Historical Text Sources Beginning with the works of Homer (ca. 800 BC) and ending with the work of Aetios Amidenos, we searched Greek and Roman texts up to 600 AD (Table ). This search focused on terms like “ναυτία, ναυσία, ναῦς, nausea, navis” and their linguistic derivatives such as “ναυτιάω, ναυσιάω, ναυσιάσις, ναυτιῶντι, nauseare, nautea” (see ) in the dictionaries Totius Latinitatis lexicon (), Georges (), and Thesaurus Linguae Latinae () as well as in the commentaries on the citations and cross-references.